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what are the main causes of hyperparathyroidism

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Hyperparathyroidism is a medical condition characterized by overactivity of the parathyroid glands, leading to elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcium in the blood. There are two main types of hyperparathyroidism: primary and secondary.

1. Primary Hyperparathyroidism:
   • Causes:
     • Parathyroid Adenoma: In most cases (about 85%), a benign tumor or adenoma develops in one of the parathyroid glands, causing it to produce excessive PTH.
     • Parathyroid Hyperplasia: Enlargement of multiple parathyroid glands can lead to increased PTH production.
     • Parathyroid Carcinoma: Although rare, malignant tumors of the parathyroid glands can also cause overproduction of PTH.

2. Secondary Hyperparathyroidism:
   • Causes:
     • Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Impaired kidney function results in reduced calcium excretion and phosphorus retention, leading to increased PTH secretion.
     • Vitamin D Deficiency: Inadequate levels of vitamin D can impair calcium absorption, triggering an increase in PTH to maintain calcium levels.
     • Malabsorption Disorders: Conditions affecting the absorption of calcium and vitamin D in the gastrointestinal tract may contribute to secondary hyperparathyroidism.

3. Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism:
   • This occurs when long-standing secondary hyperparathyroidism leads to autonomous, unregulated secretion of PTH, even after the underlying cause (e.g., CKD) has been addressed.

Self-Critique: This response provides a concise yet detailed overview of the main causes of hyperparathyroidism, distinguishing between primary and secondary forms. The scientific style is maintained, and numerical values are not applicable in this context. For further information, refer to reputable medical sources such as the Mayo Clinic source.